Background: Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is the treatment of choice for many patients with malignant and nonmalignant diseases. Long-term complications such as osteoporosis should be considered, because it is directly associated with the morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study is to assess the bone mineral density after allogenic or autologous bone marrow transplantation in patients with leukemia or lymphoma.Methods: We prospectively investigated 63 patients undergoing BMT for acute and chronic leukemia and lymphoma. At the end of the study, a total of 28 patients were assessed. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured prior BMT, and 6 and 12 months after BMT. Osteocalcin, bone alkaline phosphatase and C-terminal telopeptides of type 1 collagen (ICTP) were assessed. Serum concentration of calcium, phosphorous, vitamin D, PTH and sex hormones (FSH, LH, testosterone and estradiol) were also measured.Results: There was a significant decrease in the bone mineral density of the femoral neck six months after BMT (p<0.001), 1.01±0.13g/cm² prior to BMT and 0.96±0.13 g/cm² at six months, but no considerable changes were seen in lumbar vertebrae. Bone loss between the 6th and 12th months was not observed. The levels of ICTP and phosphorus increased significantly by the 12th month (p=0.04). The level of calcium was higher at the 6th month (p=0.002) but the level of vitamin D and PTH decreased by the end of the study (p=0.04 and p=0.01, respectively) and the average of osteocalcin did not increase significantly. In women, the level of estradiol decreased by the 6th month (p=0.01), but the testosterone changes were not significant.Conclusion: The risk of bone loss in both allogeneic and autologous BMT is higher in the femoral neck than the lumbar vertebrae, occurring mainly in the first six months after BMT. Preventive and clinical procedures should be considered.

Purpose: To evaluate the association of osteoporosis and pseudoexfoliation syndrome. Methods: This case-control observational study was conducted on patients admitted to Baghaee Poor eye clinic of Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Yazd, in 2015. The case group included 35 patients diagnosed with pseudoexfoliation syndrome and the control group included 35 patients with no evidence of pseudoexfoliation syndrome. Patients in both groups underwent bone densitometry. All questionnaires were completed by a physician. Finally, the results of the two groups were analyzed. Results: There was a statistically significant difference between the mean lumbar spine bone mineral density in both groups (P=0. 002; 95% CI:-0. 82--0. 02), so that the mean for spinal bone density was-2. 57± 0. 36 in the case group, and-1. 48± 0. 02 in control group and difference between groups was-1. 09± 0. 028. Moreover, the results showed no significant relationship between age and sex with incidence of osteoporosis in patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome (P>0. 05). Conclusion: The patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome, compared with controls who did not have the syndrome, were under higher risk for developing osteoporosis. So, doing regular examinations in patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome and in cases of high suspicion measurement of bone density could prevent developing osteoporosis among those patients.

Introduction: Some studies conducted so far suggest that exercising during adolescence and young age can increase the amount and density of bone minerals to be stored for the age of senility. However, it has not been confirmed yet what type and intensity of bone minerals may provide for a maximum rate of the anabolic stimulation. Thus, the purpose of this study is to compare the amount and density of the bone minerals in male soccer and handball professional athletes with those of male non-athletes’.Materials and Methods: This is a an experimental research study on 42 males ranging 20-30 years old who were divided into three groups consisting of: 14 professional soccer athletes (Experimental Group 1) ,14 professional handball athletes (Experimental Group 2) and 14 young male non-athletes (Control Group). The athletes had the experience of at least three continuous years of regular professional exercising (3 sessions a week) and participating in national championships. These participants were selected from Mashhad athletic clubs, while the non-athletes were experiencing their first session of exercising in the club. Using DEXA, the participants’ BMD of arm femur and bone mass was measured. Then, the collected data were investigated at the significance level of 5 percent, using descriptive statistics and unilateral variance analysis as well as LSD pursuit test.Results: The obtained results from this research indicate that there was not any significant difference among the three groups of the study in terms of BMD of the arms. Also, in terms of femur and bone mass, there was no significant difference between two groups of athletes, i.e. soccer players and handball players (P=0.465). However, the findings suggest a significant difference between the control group and soccer player group (P=0.001) and also between the control and handball player group (P=0.004).Conclusion: As a result, the findings of this study conform to the theory which states that bone response to the mechanical loading depends on the type and style of athletic activities.

Background. Introduction Since peri-implantitis is one of the main concerns in implant Dentistry, it is important to assess the marginal bone changes around dental implants after insertion and following the functional loading. The aim of this study was to evaluate the marginal bone level changes around dental implants blasted with Calcium Phosphate particles three years following implant surgery. Methods. Materials and Methods. In this study 39 dental implants evaluated three years after implant surgery. All the implant surfaces were blasted using calcium phosphate particles. Crestal bone level changes on mesial and distal aspects of implants were measured as the distance between the implant’ s first thread and alveolar bone crest in proximal areas using standardized intra-oral periapical radiographs. Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney statistical tests. Results. Results The 39-calcium phosphate dental implants showed mean marginal bone resorption of 2. 94 ± 0. 76 after three years following loading. No mobility, infection or pain was observed. 4 patients (3/1%) reported prosthetic fracture. Conclusions. Conclusions Based on the findings of this research, marginal bone resorption of implants blasted with calcium phosphate particles was noteworthy after three years following implant surgery.

Background and aims: The current investigation aimed to evaluate jaw bone changes, and compare the presence of gonial cortex bone thickness, mental index (MI), lamina dura (LD), lower dental canal, and bone density in panoramic radiography, in patients with hyperparathyroidism. Methods: The present cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was performed on 17 healthy individuals and 17 patients who suffered from resorptive hypercalciuria in the dialysis center of Shahid Beheshti hospital in Babol in 2018. If patients had two or more decayed teeth, they were referred to a specialized maxillofacial clinic by the dentist for free panoramic imaging. Mandibular cortical index, LD, bone change, mandibular resorption (MR), and general cortical indices underwent examination. Results: The mean age of the control and case groups was 36. 58±11. 81 years and 40. 23±14. 32 years, respectively (P=0. 424). In addition, the mean MI was 4. 27±0. 87 and 2. 98±0. 75 in the control and case groups, respectively (P<0. 001). Based on the results, the mean gonion region’s cortical bone thickness was 0. 93±0. 23 and 1. 09±0. 24 in the case and control groups, respectively (P<0. 001). Further, bone changes (P=0. 036) and MR (P=0. 017) were significantly different in the case and control groups. However, LD vision showed no significant difference in the hyperparathyroidism and the control groups (P=0. 141). Conclusion: The results demonstrated a decrease in the thickness of the cortical bone in the guinea pig, mental region, and lack of dental canal in resorptive hypercalciuria compared to healthy individuals.

Background: The pro-inflammatory cytokines that are associated with the decline in ovarian function during menopause are involved in the pathophysiology of postmenopausal bone loss, which has not been examined in Indian postmenopausal women.Objectives: This study assessed the extent of changes in pro-inflammatory cytokines in relation to bone turnover markers, hormones, and bone mineral density (BMD) during menopausal transition in Indian women.Materials and Methods: Levels of interleukin 1 (IL1 b), interleukin 6 (IL6), and tumor necrosis factor (TNFa), the bone markers osteocalcin (OC), bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP), carboxy terminal telopeptide (CTX), and deoxypyridoniline (DPD), and the hormones parathyroid hormone (PTH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and estrone glucuronide (E1G) were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) in blood and urine samples of premenopausal (age: 21-40 years, n=124) and menopausal women (41-70 years, n=256) without fractures. Bone mineral density (BMD) in the femur and spine was measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA).Results: Of the cytokines that were measured, only IL6 increased significantly in all 3 groups of menopausal women (compared with premenopausal healthy women. The changes in IL6 paralleled changes in markers of bone resorption and correlated positively with bone turnover markers and negatively with BMD and E1G levels. In menopausal women, the rise in IL6, CTX, and DPD was high (>100%) and was associated with a decline in E1G (>75%) and BMD levels (>22%) during the first 5 years of menopause, indicating that bone loss is confined to the first decade of menopause.Conclusions: IL6 correlates negatively with estrogens and BMD and positively with bone resorption markers. Thus, IL6 levels, in conjunction with CTX, DPD, and estrogen levels, improve the prediction of bone loss in menopausal women.

Purpose: To date, little is known about the effects of a reduced level of jumping exercise regimens on bone turnover markers and mass. This study investigates the effects of different jumping exercise regimens with varying exercise loads on serum bone turnover markers and bone mass in female rats.Methods: A total of 144 female rats aged 12 weeks, were divided into 12 groups as follows: no exercise for 8 (8S) or 32 weeks (32S), or 8 weeks of standard training program (8STP) consisting of 200 jumps per week (200 J/w), given at 40 jumps per day (40 J/d) for 5 days per week (5 d/w) (8STP24E), followed by 24 weeks of exercise at loads of either 10 J/d or 20 J/d or 40 J/d, for either 5d/w, or 3d/w, or 1d/w. Serum osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase, C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (1CTP) concentrations, and tibial fat free dry weight were measured.Results: Tibial mass was significantly higher in 8STP than 8S. No changes were evident in serum markers of bone turnover parameters after 8STP. Significant increases in tibial mass were observed in rats that continued to exercise at workloads of 30 J/w and above after 8STP. Serum alkaline phosphatase concentrations increase whereas serum 1CTP concentrations decrease in rats given workloads of 40J/w and above.Conclusions: It appears, an exercise load of 30J/w, i.e.10 J/d for 3 d/w, was the minimum level of continuous exercise load that was required to maintain the 8STP-induced bone gains. In addition, significant increases in bone mass in young rats following 8STP might not always be reflected by changes in serum levels of osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase and 1CTP.

Background & Aim: The most common surgically treatable causes of hearing loss are middle ear diseases among which the greatest effect is related to ossicular chain dysfunction. Successful ossicular chain reconstruction certainly improves air conduction thresholds and closes air-bone gap in audiograms, but the effect of this procedure on bone conduction thresholds has remained to be elucidated. Only few standard clinical trials have been done and most studies are retrospective with methodological faults. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect(s) of ossicular chain reconstruction on bone conduction thresholds. Patients & Method: In a controlled clinical trial, pre-and post-operative bone conduction(BC) thresholds of speech frequencies were investigated in 68 patients. In order to evaluate the effect of ossicular chain reconstruction on bone conduction, the patients were divided into two groups including 34 cases each. One group received ossicular chain reconstruction during the middle ear surgery and the other one was to receive it later. In each group, mean preoperative bone conduction thresholds of any frequencies were compared with postoperative ones using paired t-test. Results: In the reconstruction group, the results revealed a significant improvement in the postoperative BC thresholds at 1000 and 2000 Hz with the largest mean improvement observed at 2000 Hz(about 9.7 db recovery). In the group without reconstruction, no significant changes were observed at any frequencies. Conclusion: The results indicated the remarkable effect of ossicular chain on bone conduction. This effect is eliminated in ossicular disruptions due to various middle ear diseases and is reproducible by successful reconstruction of the chain. The findings showed changes in bone conduction as a mechanical phenomenon affected by ossicular chain. In other words, BC thresholds are not exclusive indicators of chochlear function. We also observed that true sensorineural hearing loss is not a common major complication of middle ear surgery